workbook

During what stages may animals show different behavior?

Animal’s behavior may change when going through stages of life, from babies to juveniles to adults. Moving through puberty and hormone levels. It may change when they fall ill or get injured as well.

Monkey’s enrichment plan.

As the monkeys grow tired of any obstacle quite quickly, we must enrich them constantly, like when we but leaf branches in their cages, it stimulates foraging and climbing skills, Hammock to play with and grasses to scrape through, Little obstacles like mirrors and bells, Ropes to hang from and different sizes of fruit to eat. I was wondering about giving them full fruits, and observing what they will do? For example a full banana?

What we did this week!

Cleaning the Servals water source. it smelled horrible as they like to use it as a loo! since servals are wetland animals they are quite fond of water, hence cleaning it regularly is needed.

here we filled the caracals water source, after cleaning the entire enclosure, it is needed to clean as regularly as posible because in the wild they would move from a area to a clean area, but in inclosures we need to clean it for them.

Night duty

This was taken on my night duty with the serval kitten, on night duty we usually check on all  the animals in the wild life centre at 12 o'clock and 4 o'clock and we feed the serval kittens aswell as Duke the nyala baby.

some pictures of how it looks!

Species care workbook

Workbook

SO1, SO4, U/S 113822

a)Explain what is meant by the “flight or fright” response in animals and how it relates to their comfort zones:

Every animal has a comfort zone, some a larger range than others, and when entering a comfort zone, at a certain distance it will engage in a fight or flight reaction, were it will either run away or attack you. This distance is also called a flight distance, at which the animal will retreat. Thus a comfort zone is the area around the animal in which he will notice you and react a certain way, if you let him feel uncomfortable.

b)Explain the animals possible behavioral reactions to your approach, presence, in and leaving the enclosure.

Approuching an animal should be done in such a way that the animal doesn’t feel threatened and it must have an escape possibility. Your presence in an enclosure can possibly be stressfull to an animal especially if its not tame near human contact. When leaving a cage, first keep you eyes on the animal and determine whether its save to leave, if not ,try to distract the animal and then leave with your back faced to the exit.

Example: the servals, Luke and Lea

When entering the cage you must do it while destracting them and carefull, with slow movements. Because Lea is extremely stressed around humans and has a large  comfort zone, she will continuously hiss and growl at you, especially when your near her (15 feet). When leaving the enclosure you must keep an eye on the servals especially Lea as she has escaped before!

SO2, SO4, SO6, U/S 113821 and 113822

Detail what could be done to reduce animals stress. How is this related to showing empathy to the animals in your care?

To reduce an animals stress you can speak to it quetly and move slowly about it, not threaten its comfort zone and keep it away from load noises. Soothing and calming tones, let it know your coming by talking softly to it from far away. It relates to showing empathy because you set the animal at ease, and assure it that your not a threat so that it will calm down around you.

Explain the cleaning and sterilizing procedures of the milk bottles and measuring utensils and why must they be sterilized?

The bottles and measuring utensils must be sterilized and washed out after each feeding to minimize and/or eliminate most bacteria. Firstly wash out the bottle and teat and dunk completely in Milton for sterilization at least for an half hour minimum. The bacteria buildup can cause dioreah for some babies and illnesses. Other utensils are also washed and dunked in Milton.

3 types of other waste such as physical, medical, and chemical:

a)Define and give examples:

·         Physical- any utensils that are not damaging to animals, humans or inviorment. Ep: measuring jug.

·         Medical- any equipment that would be used to treat animals with medicines ep: suringes and needles

·         Chemical- any substances used to clean, treat, disinfect surfaces, areas and utensils. Ep: paint thinners, savlon etc.

b)Why does WLC handel it this way?

·         It is important to dispose of these wastes correctly to protect staff, animals, the public and the enviorment. If chemicals are just thrown down the drain, it could explode if a mixture was caused.

·         Animals could pick up diseases from the waste

·         Bacteria growth could be favorable.

·         Pest would be attracted and infestations could occure which has a negative effect on animals and public areas near by.

As a sanctuary and educational centre, the wildlife centre must ensure animal, public and your safety. What measures must be implemented to keep our enclosures safe?

Ocupational Health and Safety procedures must be followed which are in place to protect yourself, the animals and the public. Maintenance procedures like cutting of branches and cutting of wires are done weekly or when neccecary. Fences are checked frequently to ensure the safety of animals and humans.(lions) path ways are designated with rocks and cleared weekly to ensure it is safe. Signes are put up to warn and notice people of the surrounding hazards etc.

Animals that have newly arrived at the wild life centre are very sensitive and there are few things to be done to ensure their introduction to captive care goes smooth:

When an animal arrives it is natuaraly stressed and terrified. All loud noises must be eliminated and all staff members speak in low wispers, slow movements and the animal is moved ito a dark boma area so that it can calm down, only selected people will work with the animal and  research was done before hand to find out its natural habitat so that you can accommodate it. Asses the animal when it arrives if it needs medical attention. When a wild animal, very little contact with the animal, when tame more interaction will be allowed to calm the animal down.

Workbook and experiences in Species care

Workbook

                           

Describe any possible medications as well as probiotics that can be added to food?

Ivomac- a dewormer which is added in boskos that the animal eats.

Biorem- a probiotics added to animal’s food to put back good bacteria into their systems

Protexum- a Probiotics added to animal’s food to put back the good bacteria in their systems

Yogurt- is added to our squirrel and bush baby’s foods for their probiotics abilities

List different stages of life and describe how their diets would change:

·         A Nyala:  as a newborn it would be typically dependant on their mother’s milk or Dencovite, depending whether in captivity. At an older stage the mother or the caretaker would wean the Nyala from milk and it would slowly eat solid foods. As an adult it would be dependent on leaves, bark and solids.

·         Serval kittens: (in captive care) newborn kittens are primarily fed milk and at an older stage we would mix IAMS pellets with the milk. At juvenile (young teenage) stage they would only be fed soaked IAMS. As an adult it would eat copped meat pieces up to (350g) and predator Powder. Typically the male would need more food than the female or would eat her food as wel, just because he would need more food than she in the wild especially when he matures and need to reproduce.

What other reason is there that food stock would change:

As seasons change stock would change like with Oranges and watermelons for monkeys etc

When the diet needs change for the animals or when an animal arrives that doesn’t have a usual diet.

When for example a snake arrives at the WLC, we would need to get rodents etc.

Describe what rot and pest infestation can occur applicable to the disposal of food waste and explain why it is important to prevent this:

When food isn’t disposed of properly it can attract two types of infestations, bacterial and fungus (mould) etc, the second, which is rodents, cockroaches, flies etc would soon follow. It is extremely important to avoid this as flies and rodents can spread the bacteria of the food to other foods. It can also cause a nuisance for guests camping nearby.

What process is followed with old foods? A) List the various food types and the ways which we dispose of it. B) What does the wild life centre do with carcasses and dead animals?

a)      Fruits &vegetables- All the peals and pips are thrown into a bin which can then be used to make compost if needed.

Meat- is kept in a bin as well and then transported to the Aasvoel restaurant

Or burned as to avoid pests and flies.

b)      Carcasses and dead animals are transported to Aasvoel restaurant so to attract and feed vultures on sondela. This is a natural way to dispose of bones and dead animals.  We could also combust or burn it to dispose of it faster.

workbook questions

Workbook

Research BOSKOS is and why do we use it?

Introducing Boskos BOSKOS ™ is a primary game feed produced from natural bushveld Acacias and a natural source of prime food for herbivores in the wild.

Benefits of feeding Boskos ◘ BOSKOS Organic Feed, is the closest feed to the natural diet of    herbivores and is suitable for gazers and browsers. ◘ It is pelletised to avoid selective eating, minimise wastage, and    provides ease of handling and extended shelf life. ◘ Conveniently packaged in 50kg or 25kg bags for easy storage and    transportation. ◘ Tried and tested since 1992 under all mentioned conditions. ◘ BOSKOS Organic Feed is the best value for money

With the addition of carefully formulated natural supplements, the Boskos (bush food) produced from Acacia and palletized, is now a staple diet, especially as a winter grazing supplement, in zoos, havens for endangered species, national parks and game reserves around the world. Boskos is a primary source product in its own right. It is therefore significantly different from most other

Spesification of Boskos feeds BOSKOS STD BOSKOS HI - PRO Protein (min): 100g/kg 160g/kg Fibre (max): 250g/kg 150g/kg Moistre (max): 120g/kg 120g/kg Fat (min): 25g/kg 25g/kg Phosphorus (max): 3g/kg 3.5g/kg Calcium (max): 9g/kg 8g/kg Energy Value 10.5 MJ/kg 11.11 MJ/kg

commercially-produced animal feeds in that it is not a by-product of a manufacturing process.

Features of Boskos ACCEPTING that Acacia is a basic natural diet for wild animals, the fibre and nutrient content of Acacia bush as a natural source of animal feed has been subjected to exhaustive examination and test. The harvest is rich in natural trace elements, drawn from deep in the earth by the root systems, and retained in the processing of the final product. Boskos nutrients and fibres, as organic elements, are immediately available in a herbivore's metabolism, which assists with easier digestion. Zookeepers have found that herbivores in captivity instinctively appear to recognise Boskos for what it is, a foodstuff that is natural to them. It can be supplied as required to game in the wild or, in the case of 'caged' animals, roughage or grazing (teff or eragrostis) must be available to supply effective long fibre.

Recommended feeding This feed can be provided ad lid, or in the case of 'caged' animals, the following proportions to be fed with roughage or grazing to supply effective long fibre:

Create a table of the foodstuffs 1. Where 2. How 3. Why?

What	Where	How	why
Meat	In deep Freezer	In containers	To prevent rotting and ensuring it doesn’t get contaminated
Milk	In fridge	bottled	To prevent going sour and is ready for use
Fruits	In fridge	Wrapped	To prevent getting over ripe

Compare and contrass the stock take needs for the varios areas:

Some products in the wildlife centre can be bought in bulk and some has to be bought in small amounts due to the liofe span of the product. For example food must be bought in small amounts as it can go off sooner than other products like boskos. That would also meen that you would more regularly have to stock up on food than other products. Here is an example:

bulk	Fair amounts
Boskos	milk
Denkovite	fruits
Cleaning chemicals	meat
Maintenance tools	Vegetables

Set up a roster and checklist for a chosen area:

Which stock would I check or order daily, weekly, monthly

Daily	Weekly	Monthly
milk	Meat	Boskos
Fruits		Medicine
Vegetable		Cleaning chemicals

3 basic chemicals:

Detergent- sunlight liquid- removes fats and greases and oils

Disinfectant- savlon salution- kills all bacteria

Sterilizer- Milton- kills all bacteria in a half an hour range for example bottles and lids. Safe to drink for animals

Explain why it is important to follow correct application procedure:

To prevent cross-contamination for example using only certain utensils for meat and certain for milk and fruits.

To also wipe the surfaces after and before use and spray savlon solution.

To dunk bottles in Milton after usage to sterilize it

Discuss the method used in various areas:

Meat- wipe wet cloth, spray disinfectant and wipe with dry cloth

Fruits and milk- wipe wet cloth then spray savlon salution and dry of with cloth to prevent cross contamination

In kitchen- wash meat utencills separate from the fruits and milk bottles. Specific crates and containers for different utensils

Why is it important to be aware of OHS:

To insure your own safety and the safety of the animal, it is important to follow the OHS procedures to make the the working inviorment safe, wear your safety gear and respect the animals. You should always know the procedures and use them as guidelines while working.

Consider the various areas and the OHS guidelines:

Prep tablesp- using knifes safely and for either meat or fruit but not both, separate cloths for separate division.

Kitchen- using different water between meats and milk. Separating bowls, keeping floor dry and placing a sign when wet. Clearing obstruction etc.

Clinic and ICU- don’t use high consentrated or harmfull chemicals in area, wear gloves to prevent diseases from spreading, keep area clean and obstical free.